IMPROVEMENT OF A TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM WILDFIRES* MELHORIA DE UMA TÉCNICA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DANOS ECOLÓGICOS PRODUZIDOS NA ATMOSFERA POR INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS

Data on negative ecological consequences of forest and peat fires have been systematized. A specific woodland area of coniferous and deciduous trees in the Tomsk region has been studied. The ecological and economic damage caused by different types of fires in the 1 ha area has been calculated.


Introduction
Taking into account the essential importance of the woods for the ecology and people's economic activity, a problem of rational use of forest resources and measures of its protection and reproduction becomes urgent for Russia, as well as for the whole world. Woodlands in Russia occupy about a half of the country area, therefore containing one fifth of all world reserves of the wood. Annually tens and even hundred thousands of hectares of forest are destroyed by wildfires. It includes not only a loss of valuable business wood (loss of the wood can reach from 5 to 95 % depending on the kind and the fire intensity), but also an ecological damage which is shown up long in time and is capable to make impact on biocenoses in the local and regional levels). The following basic data for calculations have been accepted: • Specific reserve of the wood (153 m 3 for coniferous breeds and 145 m 3 for deciduous ones (per • Average intensity of the fires. • Average diameter of trees trunks (25-32 cm).
The coefficients of the wood loss depending on the tree breed and the type of the fire are presented ( Table I).

Results and discussion
Environmental damage from pollution of the natural environment is defined as the sum of the costs of reimbursement of damage caused by individual sources within a certain territory. However, there is no single methodology that allows efficient calculation of direct ecological damage from forest fires, not only in the territory of the Russian Federation, but also in the territory of a number of developed countries of the world. The developed methodology is designed to calculate in value form the amount of damage caused to the environment by forest natural fires.
Forest fires are accompanied by air emissions of a significant number of different small gas components including carbon oxides (co, co2), nitrogen oxides (No, No2), sulfur dioxide (so2), as well as aerosols, fly ash and soot. Such emissions have a significant impact on the quality of the environment, produce negative effects on human health, affect climate and visibility conditions.
We are proposing to use the coefficient of loss of forest combustible materials, which should be taken in consideration of the composition of forest combustible materials, the peculiarities of certain types of fires as well as the specific density of a particular type of wood. These coefficients accurately reflect the strength and specificity of each specific type of fire and detail the calculations.
Losses of the wood in m 3 are presented (Table II).
The cost of losses of the wood is calculated considering the correction coefficient in relation to the rate of forest taxes at removal distance which is 0,72 taking an average diameter of plantings equaled 24 cm. The current rate of forest taxes for the business wood of the average category of fines according to the second category of dachshunds equals 23 RUB for 1 m 3 . The damage from the wood losses is presented in Table III. If the sale of the wood remains possible after the fire, the size of the damage is subtracted from the cost of the wood which is suitable for sale.