Monitorização contínua da rigidez das camadas granulares por meio de bender elements
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14195/2184-8394_167_6Palavras-chave:
Sensor Bender Element, monitorização geotécnica, rigidez dinâmicaResumo
Apesar da importância estrutural das camadas granulares não ligadas dos pavimentos flexíveis, a sua monitorização contínua enfrenta limitações técnicas significativas. Este estudo desenvolveu um sistema avançado de monitorização, baseado em sensores do tipo Bender Elements, para medir a rigidez dinâmica das camadas granulares. Foi concebido um sistema de proteção e acoplamento destinado a proteger os sensores contra tensões externas e a garantir um contacto adequado para a propagação da onda de corte no geomaterial. Um estudo numérico analisou a influência da geometria da cápsula, e foi integrado um sistema de amplificação personalizada para alcançar maiores distâncias. O sistema foi validado experimentalmente em laboratório e posteriormente implementado no terreno, onde se mantém em funcionamento.
Downloads
Referências
AASHTO T307-99 (2012). Standard Method of Test for Determining the Resilient Modulus of Soils and Aggregate Materials – SHRP Protocol P46. Washington DC.
ASTM D8295-19 (2019). Standard Test Method for Determination of Shear Wave Velocity and Initial Shear Modulus in Soil Specimens using Bender Elements. https://doi.org/10.1520/D8295-19
Briceño, C.; Parente, M.; Roshan, M.; Azenha, M.; Correia, A. G.; Rocha, J.; Martins, M.; Chidassuca, J.; Moldovan, I.; Silva, H.; Tutumluer, E. (2026). Continuous stiffness monitoring of granular layers of pavements by bender elements. Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vienna, Austria (Unpublished conference paper).
Byun, Y.-H.; Tutumluer, E. (2017). Bender elements successfully quantified stiffness enhancement provided by geogrid–aggregate interlock. Transportation Research Record, 2656 (1), pp. 31-39. https://doi.org/10.3141/2656-04
Bzówka, J.; Grygierek, M.; Rokitowski, P. (2021). Experimental investigation using distributed optical fiber sensor measurements in unbound granular layers. Engineering Structures, 231, 111767 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111767
Climent, N.; Moldovan, I.; Correia, A. G. (2022). FreeHyTE: A Hybrid-Trefftz Finite Element Platform for Poroelastodynamic Problems. In Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 164 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77230-7_7
Correia, A. G. (1999). Unbound Granular Materials: laboratory testing, in-situ testing and modelling. In Proceedings of an International Workshop on Modelling and Advanced Testing for unbound granular materials, Lisbon, pp. 3-15.
Dushmantha, A.; Jayakody, S.; Gui, Y.; Gallage, C. (2025). A comprehensive review of the resilient behaviour of unbound granular pavement materials. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 12 (3), pp. 522–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2024.06.004
Erlingsson, S.; Rahman, S.; Salour, F. (2017). Characteristic of unbound granular materials and subgrades based on multi stage RLT testing. Transportation Geotechnics, 13, pp. 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.08.009
CEN (2016). EN 196-1: 2016- Methods of Testing Cement. Determination of Strength. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
Gkyrtis, K. (2023). Pavement Analysis with the Consideration of Unbound Granular Material Nonlinearity. Designs, 7 (6), pp. 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060142
INTENT (2026). Intelligent health monitoring of road pavements. [online] Available at: https://intent.ulusofona.pt/ [Accessed 22 January 2026]
Kang, M.; Qamhia, I. I. A.; Tutumluer, E.; Hong, W-T.; Tingle J.S. (2021). Bender element field sensor for the measurement of pavement base and subbase stiffness characteristics. Transportation research record, 2675 (8) pp. 394–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/036119812199835
Kang, M.; Qamhia, I. I.; Tutumluer, E.; Garg, N.; Villafane, W. (2022). Airport pavement stiffness monitoring and assessment of mechanical stabilization using bender element field sensor. Transportation research record. 2676 (8), pp. 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221084685
Kang, M. (2023). Development and Application of Bender Element Field Sensor for Pavement Base/Subbase Modulus Characterization and Geogrid Effectiveness Evaluation. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Lekarp, F.; Isacsson, U.; Dawson, A. (2000). State of the art. I: Resilient response of unbound aggregates. Journal of transportation engineering, 126 (1), pp. 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:1(66)
Masad, S. A.; Little, D. N. (2004). Sensitivity analysis of flexible pavement response and AASHTO 2002 design guide to properties of unbound layers. Research report ICAR 504-1. Austin, TX: International Center for Aggregates Research. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/35370
Moldovan, I. D.; Climent, N.; Bendea, E. D.; Cismasiu, I.; Gomes Correia, A. (2021). A hybrid-Trefftz finite element platform for solid and porous elastodynamics. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 124: pp. 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2020.12.014
Neves, J.; Moldovan, I.; Silva, H.; Pinto, S.; Briceño, C.; Moutinho, J.; Parente, M.; Afonso, J.; Almeida, M.; Azenha, M.; Gomes Correia, A. (2026). Sistema Integrado de Monitorização Contínua de Materiais Granulares Não Ligados em Pavimentos Rodoviários: Aplicação em Trecho Experimental. Atas do 19º Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia, Vila Real, ISB 978-989-35507-4-8, pp. 969-980.
Robinson, W. J.; Tingle, J. S.; Tutumluer, E.; Kang, M.; Wayne, M. H.; Tamrakar, P. (2023). Using bender elements to investigate the effect of a multi-axial geogrid on aggregate layer stiffness. Transportation research record, 2679 (1) pp. 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231152465
Sangsefidi, E.; Larkin, T. J.; Wilson, D. J. (2021). The effect of weathering on the engineering properties of laboratory compacted unbound granular materials (UGMs). Construction and Building Materials, 276, 122242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122242
Wang, H.; Kim, Y.; Kang, M.; Tutumluer, E.; Shoup, H. (2025). Geogrid stabilization effectiveness–Comprehensive assessment through multiscale experiments with bender element sensor technology. Geotextiles and geomembranes, 53 (6), pp. 1200-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.05.006
Yoon, H-K.; Lee, J-S.; Kim, Y-U.; Yoon, S. (2008). Fork blade-type field velocity probe for measuring shear waves. Modern Physics Letters B., 22 (11), pp. 965–969. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984908015681
Zeng, X. (2006). Applications of piezoelectric sensors in geotechnical engineering. Smart structures and systems, 2 (3), pp. 237–251. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2006.2.3.237
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 Carolina Briceño, Manuel Parente, Mohammad Roshan, Miguel Azenha, António Gomes Correia, João Rocha, Marcos Martins, Joyce Chidassicua, Ionut Moldovan, Helder Silva, José Neves, Erol Tutumluer

Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.

