The flow liquefaction phenomenon. Theoretical and practical approach

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14195/2184-8394_156_1

Keywords:

Flow liquefaction, CPTu, post-liquefaction strength, mine waste deposits

Abstract

In recent years and due to the increase in mining activity, the number of events that have brought catastrophic and sudden ruptures in the mine waste deposits, with the loss of numerous human lives, has increased. In many cases, the main cause of these failures has been interpreted as flow liquefaction. The purpose of this document is to approximate the theoretical and practical field when making a design and/or to evaluate an existing or under construction deposit. In this way, it is intended that any engineer who is not an expert in the field can understand the phenomenon of flow liquefaction and critically analyze the design of a mining waste deposit. Its design, however, should be reserved for experienced engineers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Been, K.; Jefferies, M.G. (1985). A state parameter for sand. Geotechnique, 35, 99-112.

Bishop, A. (1973). The stability of tips and spoil heaps. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 6, 335-376.

Bolton, M.D. (1986). The strength and dilatancy of sands. Geotechnique, 36(1): 65–78

Boulanger, R. (2003). High overburden stress effects in liquefaction analyses. J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Eng., ASCE 129(12), 1071–082.

Castro, G. (1969). Liquefaction of sand. Ph.D. thesis, Division of Engineering and Applied Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

De Alba, P.; Seed, H.; Chan, C. (1976). Sand Liquefaction in Large Simple Shear Tests. Jour. of the Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, Vol. 102, No. GT9, Proc. Paper 12403, Sept., pp. 909-927.

Douglas, J.B.; Olsen, R.S. (1981). Soil Classification using Electric Cone Penetrometer. Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing and Experience, Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, St. Louis, pp. 209-227

Jefferies, M.G.; Been, K. (2006). Soil liquefaction. A critical state Approach. Taylor and Francis, London.

Jefferies, M.G.; Been, K. (2016). Soil liquefaction. A critical state approach. 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis, London.

Jefferies, M. G.; Davies, M. P. (1993). Use of CPTU to estimate equivalent SPT N60. Geotech. Test. J., 16(4), 458–468.

Kramer, S. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.

Ledesma, O.; Manzanal, D.; Sfriso, A. (2021). Formulation and numerical implementation of a state parameter-based generalized plasticity model for mine tailings. Computers and Geotechnics. Volume 135.

Martin, G.; Finn, W.; Seed, H. (1978). Effects of system compliance on liquefaction testes. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 104 (GT4) (1978)

Mogami, T.; Kubo, K. (1953). The behaviour of soil during vibration. Proc., 3rd International Conference On Soil Mechanics and Foundation. Vol. 1, PP. 152-155.

Morgenstern, N.; Vick, S.; Viotti, C.; Watts, B. (2016). Fundao Tailings Dam Review Panel: report on the immediate causes of the failure of the Fundao Dam.

Mori, K.; Seed, H.; Chan, C. (1978). Influence of sample disturbance on sand response to cyclic loading. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 104(3), 323-339.

Mulilis, J.; Chan, C.; Seed, H. (1975). The effects of method of sample preparation on the cyclic stress-strain behavior of sands. College of Engineering. University of California.

Olson, S. M.; Stark, T.D. (2002). Liquefied strength ratio from liquefaction flow failure case histories. Can. Geotech. J., 39, 629–647.

Olson, S. M.; Stark, T.D. (2003). Yield Strength Ratio and Liquefaction Analysis of Slopes and Embankments. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129, 727-737.

Robertson, P.K. (1990). Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27 (1), 151–158.

Robertson, P.K. (2010). Evaluation of Flow Liquefaction and Liquefied Strength Using the Cone Penetration Test. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. ASCE.

Robertson, P.K. (2016). Cone penetration test (CPT)-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system — an update. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53(12): 1910–1927.

Robertson, P.K. (2017). Evaluation of flow liquefaction: influence of high stresses. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Vancouver.

Robertson, P.K. (2021). Evaluation of flow liquefaction and liquefied strength using the cone penetration test: an update. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 00: 1-5 (0000)

Robertson, P.K.; Campanella, R.G.; Gillespie, D.; Greig, J. (1986). Use of Piezometer Cone Data. Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, In-Situ 86 Specialty conference, Blacksburg, 23-25 June 1986, 1263-1280

Robertson, P.K.; Wride, C.E. (1998). Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the CPT. Can. Geotech. J., 35(3), 442–459.

Sadrekarimi, A.; Olson, S. (2011). Yield strength ratios, critical strength ratios, and brittleness of sandy soils from laboratory tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 48. 493-510. 10.1139/T10-078.

Schnaid, F.; Bedin, J.; Viana da Fonseca, A.J.P.; Moura Costa Filho, L. (2013). Stiffness and Strength governing the static liquefaction of tailings. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE

Schneider, J.A.; Hotstream, J.N.; Mayne, P.W.; and Randolph, M.F. (2012). Comparing CPTU Q-F and Q-Δu2/σvo soil classification charts. Géotechnique Letters, 2(4): 209–215.

Seed, H.B.; Idriss, I.M. (1971). Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division 97(9), 1249-1273

Shuttle, D.; Cunning, J. (2007). Liquefaction potential of silts from CPTu. Can. Geotech. J., 44, 1–19.

Verdugo, R.; Echevarría, J.; Peters, G.; Caro, G.; (2014). Feasibility evaluation of converting a conventional tailing disposal in a thickened tailings deposit. Paste 2014. Infomine. Canadá.

Published

2022-11-30

Issue

Section

Articles