Saúde mental nas pandemias e catástrofes
o risco de adoecer psicológico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_30-1_5Palavras-chave:
Saúde mental, impacto psicológico, sobreviventes, profissionais de saúde/socorro, monitorizaçãoResumo
Nas últimas décadas ocorreram inúmeros desastres, catástrofes e acidentes de origem natural ou humana, incluindo a pandemia COVID-19. Todos se caracterizam por desencadear stress intenso e emoções negativas que constituem fatores de risco do adoecer psicológico. Contudo, se as catástrofes constituem situações delimitadas no tempo e no espaço, a pandemia COVID-19 tem sido prolongada no tempo. Passados dois anos é consensual o seu impacto económico, social e psicológico devido aos confinamentos, teletrabalho, e sobretudo, de sobrecarga para quem trabalha na linha da frente. Pretende-se descrever o impacto das catástrofes e das pandemias na saúde mental e psicológica dos sobreviventes e dos profissionais, apresentando estudos sobre o adoecer psicológico expresso em stress pós-traumático, ansiedade, depressão, stress ocupacional e burnout dos profissionais de saúde e de socorro. São, ainda, descritas estratégias de prevenção, nas quais se incluem a e-health e a monitorização de sintomas através de apps, plataformas e de wearable sensors no sentido de permitirem maior autonomia individual na promoção da saúde mental, psicológica e ocupacional.
Downloads
Referências
Abreu, J.C. (2020). A e-Saúde (eHealth) no contexto da presente emergência pandémica - a proteção de dados pessoais e a interoperabilidade nas aplicações móveis de rastreabilidade de contactos (tópicas reflexões). In M. Martins & E. Rodrigues (Eds). A Universidade do Minho em tempos de pandemia: Tomo III – projeções. Braga: UMinho Editora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21814/uminho.ed.25.12
Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022). Stress, Burnout, Anxiety and Depression among Teachers: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710706
Alhasani, M., Mulchandani, D., Oyebode, O., Baghaei, N., & Orji, R. (2022). A Systematic and Comparative Review of Behavior Change Strategies in Stress Management Apps: Opportunities for Improvement. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.777567
Nagamootoo, M., & Drigas, A. (2022). Mobile Applications for stress management. Scientific Electronic Archives, 15(2), 58-63. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/15220221507
APA - American Psychiatric Association (2013). Guidelines for the Practice of Telepsychology. American Psychologist, 68(9), 791-800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035001
APA - American Psychiatric Association (2014). DSM-5 - Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais, 5ª edição. Lisboa: Climepsi.
Areosa, J., & Queirós, C. (2020). Burnout: uma patologia social reconfigurada na era COVID-19? International Journal on Working Conditions, 20, 71-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25762/abh3-qh73
Babatunde, A. (2013 Occupational Stress: A Review on Conceptualizations, Causes and Cure. Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges, 2(3), 73-80.
Benedeck, D., Fullerton, C., & Ursano, R. (2007). First Responders: Mental Health Consequences of Natural and Human-Made Disasters for Public Health and Public Safety Workers. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 55-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144037
Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001–1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2
Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. (2020). The Occupational Depression Inventory: A new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 138.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110249
Bianchi, R., & Sowden, J. (2022). A paradigm shift from burnout to occupational depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 303, 230-232.
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I., & Laurent, E. (2015). Burnout–depression overlap: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 36, 28–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004
Botrugno, C., & Zózimo, J. R. (2020). A difusão da telemedicina em Portugal: dos benefícios prometidos aos riscos de um sistema de cuidados a duas velocidades. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 93, 89-107.
Bratti, M., Mendola, M., & Miranda, A. (2015). Hard to Forget: The Long-Lasting Impact of War on Mental Health. Discussion Paper IZA DP No. 9269. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
Brenninkmeyer, V., Yperen, N., & Buunk, B. (2001). Burnout and depression are not identical twins: is decline of superiority a distinguishing feature? Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 873–880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00079-9
Cavalcante, D. (2022). Burnout, depressão ocupacional, ansiedade e engagement nos diferentes regimes de trabalho dos servidores públicos brasileiros. Dissertação de Mestrado em Temas de Psicologia, área de Reabilitação Psicossocial e Saúde Mental. Porto: FPCEUP.
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). World Trade Center Health Program – Program at a Glance (data from 30 June 2022). In https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/ataglance.html
CINTESIS (2020). Mais de metade dos profissionais de Saúde está em burnout. In http://cintesis.eu/pt/mais-de-metade-dos-profissionais-de-saude-esta-em-burnout/
Clarke, D. (2022). Covid-19 caught the world off guard - pandemics must never surprise us again. 9 April COVID-19 Blog Series. In https://www.disasterprotection.org/blogs/covid-19-caught-the-world-off-guard-pandemics-must-never-surprise-us-again
Clemente-Suárez, V., Jiménez, E., Jimenez, M., Holgado, A., Gonzalez, M., Agudelo, J., Perez-Palencia, N., Cardenas, C., & Aguilera, J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health: An Extensive Narrative Review. Sustainability, 13(6), 3221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221
Concheiro-Moscoso, P., Groba, B., Martínez-Martínez, F., Miranda-Duro, M.C., Nieto-Riveiro, L., Pousada, T., … Pereira, J. (2021). Study for the Design of a Protocol to Assess the Impact of Stress in the Quality of Life of Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041413
Cova, T. (2021). Não batam palmas aos profissionais de saúde, dêem-lhes condições de trabalho. Diário de Notícias 28 janeiro 2021. In https://www.dnoticias.pt/2021/1/28/248542-nao-batam-palmas-aos-profissionaisde-saude-deem-lhes-condicoes-de-trabalho/#
Cyr, S., Marcil, M., Marin, M., Tardif, J., Guay, S., Guertin, M., Rosa, C., Genest, C., Forest, J., Lavoie, P., Labrosse, M., Vadeboncoeur, A., Selcer, S., Ducharme, S., & Brouillette, J. (2021). Factors Associated With Burnout, Post-traumatic Stress and Anxio-Depressive Symptoms in Healthcare Workers 3 Months Into the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 668278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668278
Deguchi, Y., Iwasaki, S., Niki, A., Kadowaki, A., Hirota, T., Shirahama, Y., Nakamichi, Y., Okawa, Y., Uesaka, Y., & Inoue, K. (2022). Relationships between Occupational Stress, Change in Work Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Non-Healthcare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020983
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. (2022). Job-demand-resourcs theory in times of crises: new propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, onlineFirst. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., & Scaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
DGS - Direção-Geral da Saúde (2021). Guia técnico nº 3. Vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores expostos a fatores de risco psicossocial no local de trabalho. Lisboa: DGS.
Duarte, I., Teixeira, A., Castro, L., Marina, S., Ribeiro, C., Jácome, C., Martins, V., Ribeiro-Vaz, I., Pinheiro, H. C., Silva, A. R., Ricou, M., Sousa, B., Alves, C., Oliveira, A., Silva, P., Nunes, R., & Serrão, C. (2020). Burnout among Portuguese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09980-z
EU-OSHA - European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2022). Third European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks (ESENER 2019): Overview Report How European workplaces manage safety and health. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
EUROFOUND - European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2021a). Living, working and COVID-19: Mental health and trust decline across EU as pandemic enters another year. Luxembourg: EUROFOUND.
EUROFOUND - European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2021b). The digital age: Implications of automation, digitization and platforms for work and employment. Luxembourg: EUROFOUND.
EUROFOUND - European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2022a). COVID-19 Fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty. Luxembourg: EUROFOUND.
EUROFOUND - European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2022b). Recovery from COVID-19: The changing structure of employment in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Fatema, S. R., East, L., Islam, M. S., & Usher, K. (2021). Health Impact and Risk Factors Affecting South and Southeast Asian Women Following Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111068
Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2014). The psychological impacts of major disasters. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(7), 597–599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414538677
Ferreira, D. (2020). Papel da telesaúde em tempos de pandemia COVID-19: para grandes males, grandes remédios. Medicina Interna, nº especial COVID-19–abril. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24950/rspmi/COVID19/D.Ferreira/LuzLisboa/S/2020
Fonseca, S. M., Faria, S., Cunha, S., Silva, M., Ramos, M. J., Azevedo, G., Campos, R., Barbosa, A. R., & Queiros, C. (2022b). Mental health patterns during COVID-19 in emergency medical services (EMS). International Journal of Emergency Services, 11(2), 193-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-08-2020-0052
Fonseca, S.M., Cunha, S., Silva, M., Ramos, M.J., Azevedo, G., Campos, R., Faria, S., & Queirós, C. (2022a). The psychological experience of medical rescuers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicologia, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.17575/psicologia.1679
Frenkel, M., Giessing, L., Egger-Lampl, S., Hutter, V., Oudejans, R., Kleygrewe, L., Jaspaert, E., & Plessner, H. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on European police officers: Stress, demands, and coping resources. Journal of Criminal Justice, 72, 101756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101756
Freudenberger, H.J. (1974). Staff Burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165.
Garcia-Vera, M. P., Sanz, J., & Sanz-García, A. (2021). Ten Things Every Psychologist Should Know About Treating Psychological Disorders in Victims of Terrorism. Psicothema, 33(2), 177–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.33
Gaughan, A., Rush, L., MacEwan, S., Panchal, A., & McAlearney, A. (2022). Perspectives of Volunteer Firefighters during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stumbling Blocks and Silver Linings. Challenges, 13(2), 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020046
Godia, J., Pifarré, M., Vilaplana, J., Solsona, F., Abella, F., Calvo, A., Mitjans, A., & Gonzalez-Olmedo, M. (2022). A Free App for Diagnosing Burnout (BurnOut App): Development Study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 10(9), e300094, 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/30094:10.2196/30094
Griensven, F., Chakkraband, M., Thienkrua, W., Pengjuntr, W., Cardozo, B., Tantipiwatanaskul, P., Mock, P., Ekassawin, S., Varangrat, A., Gotway, C., Sabin, M., & Tappero, J. (2006). Mental Health Problems Among Adults in Tsunami-Affected Areas in Southern Thailand. JAMA, 296(5), 537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.5.537
Hagglund, M., Cajander, A., Rexhepi, H. & Kane, B. (2022). Editorial: Personalized Digital Health and Patient-Centric Services. Frontiers in Computer Science, 4, 862358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2022.862358
Hannigan, B., Edwards, D., & Burnard, P. (2004) Stress and stress management in clinical psychology: Findings from a systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 13(3), 23545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230410001700871
Harada, N., Shigemura, J., Tanichi, M., Kawaida, K., Takahashi, S., & Yasukata, F. (2015). Mental health and psychological impacts from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: a systematic literature review. Disaster and Military Medicine, 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40696-015-0008-x
Ide-Okochi, A., Samiso, T., Kanamori, Y., He, M., Sakaguchi, M., & Fujimura, K. (2022). Depression, Insomnia, and Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Related Factors during the Recovery Period Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074403
ILO, International Labor Organization (2022). COVID-19 and the world of work. In https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm
INSA, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (2020). Saúde mental em tempos de pandemia - SM-COVID-19: relatório final. In http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/7245
Jordan, H. T., Osahan, S., Li, J., Stein, C. R., Friedman, S. M., Brackbill, R. M., Cone, J. E., Gwynn, C., Mok, H. K., & Farfel, M. R. (2019). Persistent mental and physical health impact of exposure to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Environmental Health, 18(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-019-0449-7
Kanel, R., Nuffel, M., & Fuchs, W. (2016). Risk assessment for job burnout with a mobile health web application using questionnaire data: a proof-of-concept study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-016-0082-4
Keri, S. (2015). Suffering Has No Race or Nation: The Psychological Impact of the Refugee Crisis in Hungary and the Occurrence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Social Sciences, 4(4), 1079–1086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci4041079
Koh, J., Tng, G., & Hartanto, A. (2022). Potential and Pitfalls of Mobile Mental Health Apps in Traditional Treatment: An Umbrella Review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(9), 1376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091376
Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Georganta, K. (2019). The Relationship Between Burnout, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
Lau, N., O’Daffer, A., Colt, S., Yi-Frazier, J., Palermo, T., McCauley, E., & Rosenberg, A. (2020). Android and iPhone Mobile Apps for Psychosocial Wellness and Stress Management: Systematic Search in App Stores and Literature Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(5), e17798. DOI: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/5/e17798
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lee, E. K. O., Shen, & Tran, T.V. (2009). Coping With Hurricane Katrina: Psychological Distress and Resilience Among African American Evacuees. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(1), 5–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798408323354
Li, L., Wong, L., & Yap, K. (2021). Quality evaluation of stress, anxiety and depression apps for COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100255
Lima, E., Vasconcelos, A., Correa, L., & Batista, A. (2021). Baixas na linha de frente: absenteísmo entre bombeiros durante o combate à pandemia da COVID-19. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional, 45(e27), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369000016420
Luster, R. (2022). First Responders and Mental Health: When Heroes Need Rescuing. In https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/first-responders-and-mental-health-when-heroes-need-rescuing?fbclid=IwAR0fHzYZ53EUHXDMypw0TH3OiN3EACNjtFFZvsUOJltaUSaDEASfdK9ZJec (9 September 2022).
Maeda, M., Oe, M., & Suzuki, Y. (2018). Psychosocial effects of the Fukushima disaster and current tasks: Differences between natural and nuclear disasters. Journal of the National Institute of Public Health, 67 (1), 50-57.
Maia, A., & Fernandes, E. (2003). Epidemiologia da Perturbação pós-stress traumático. In M.G. Pereira & J. Monteiro-Ferreira, J. (Eds). Stress traumático: aspectos teóricos e intervenção (cap2, 35-54). Lisboa: Climepsi.
Martins, H., Monteiro, M., Loureiro, P., & Cortes, M. (2019). Plano Estratégico Nacional para a Telesaúde 2019-2022. Lisboa: Serviços Partilhados do Ministério da Saúde.
Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 5, 16-22.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Matsumoto, K., Sakuma, A., Ueda, I., Nagao, A., & Takahashi, Y. (2016). Psychological trauma after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 70(8), 318–331. Portico. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12403
Meier, S. T. (2022). The persistent burnout/depression problem. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 157, 110913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110913
Melnyk, B. (2021). Clinician burnout: A mental health ‘pandemic within a pandemic’. HEM/ONC Today, 22(2). In https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201103/clinician-burnout-a-mental-health-pandemic-within-a-pandemic
Meredith, C., Schaufeli, W., Struyve, C., Vandecandelaere, M., Gielen, S., & Kyndt, E. (2019). ‘Burnout contagion’ among teachers: A social network approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(2), 328–352. Portico. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12296
Messiah, A., Acuna, J. M., Castro, G., Rodríguez de la Vega, P., Vaiva, G., Shultz, J. M., Neria, Y., & De La Rosa, M. (2014). Mental health impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on the Miami Haitian population: A random-sample survey. Disaster Health, 2(3–4), 130–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21665044.2015.1014216
Michie, S. (2002). Causes and Management of Stress at Work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.1.67
Mun, S., Moon, Y., Kim, H., & Kim, N. (2022). Current Discussions on Employees and Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848778
Murta, S.G., Sanderson, K., Oldenburg, B. (2007). Process Evaluation in Occupational Stress Management Programs: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Health Promotion. 21(4), 248-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.4.248
Murthy, R., & Lakshminarayana, R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 5(1) ,25-30.
Narvaez, S., Tobar, A., Lopez, D., & Blobel, B. (2016). Human-Centered Design of an mHealth App for the Prevention of Burnout Syndrome. In A. Hoerbst, W. Hackl, N. Keizer, H. Prokosch, M. Hercigonja-Szekeres, & S. Lusignan (Eds). Exploring Complexity in Health: An Interdisciplinary Systems Approach (215-219). Amsterdam: IOS Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-678-1-215
Nielson, K., Zhang, Y., & Ingram, J. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on police officer activities. Journal of Criminal Justice, 82(101943), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101943
OECD - ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (2021). Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD.
OECD - ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on employment and jobs. In https://www.oecd.org/employment/covid-19.htm
Okoli, J. (2021). Was the COVID-19 pandemic a predictable surprise? A crisis management perspective. Academia Letters, Article 56, 1-6.
Oliveira, S., Pereira, R., Oliveira, F., Cavalcante, D., Fonseca, S.M., Faria, S., & Queirós, C. (2022). Auto-monitorização do stress e burnout através da plataforma SOMSII Innovation & Research-Flexsaúde. Poster no 14º Congresso Nacional de Psicologia da Saúde; 8 a 10 setembro, Universidade da Madeira.
OPP - Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses (2020). Prosperidade e sustentabilidade das organizações: Relatório do Custo do Stresse e dos Problemas de Saúde Psicológica no Trabalho, em Portugal. Lisboa: OPP.
OPP - Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses (2022). Vivenciar um desastre natural. Lisboa: OPP.
Parker, G., Tavella, G., & Eyers, K. (2022). Burnout versus depression. In G. Parker, G. Tavella & K. Eyers (Eds)., Burnout: A Guide to identify burnout and pathways to recovery (Cap.6 Ebook). Sidney: Routledge.
Pereira, R. (2021). Stress (operacional/organizacional) e Burnout como preditores da Ideação Suicida nas Forças Policiais. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Policiais. Lisboa: ISCPSI.
Pereira, A., & Queirós, C. (2021). O Stress e as Suas Consequências na Saúde e no Bem-Estar. In I. Leal & J.L. Pais-Ribeiro (Eds.). Manual de Psicologia da Saúde (cap 19, 137-145) Lisboa: Pactor.
Petrie, K., Smallwood, N., Pascoe, A., & Willis, K. (2022). Mental Health Symptoms and Workplace Challenges among Australian Paramedics during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 1004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021004
Pines, A., & Keinan, G. (2005). Stress and burnout: the significant difference. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 625-635.
Platje, J., Harvey, J., & Rayman-Bacchus, L. (2020). COVID-19 – reflections on the surprise of both an expected and unexpected event. Central European Review of Economics and Management, 4(1), 149-162. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.874
Popa, I., Ștefan, S., Olariu, A., Popa, Ș., & Popa, C. (2022). Modelling the COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on Employees’ Health and Performance: A PLS-SEM Mediation Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1865. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031865
Prescott, J., & Rathbone, A. (2022). The efficacy of mHealth for stress and burnout in clinical settings and supervisions. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 26(4), 347-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-04-2022-0025
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10478-000
Queirós, C, Borges, E., Teixeira A., & Maio, T. (2018). Estratégias de prevenção do stress ocupacional, burnout e bullying. In E. Borges (Ed.). Saúde e Enfermagem do Trabalho (139-157). Porto: Lidel.
Queirós, C. & Passos, F. (2018). A recuperação emocional e o apoio psicológico a sobreviventes. In L. Lourenço & A. Amaro (Ed.). Riscos e Crises, da teoria à plena manifestação (453-473). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, ISBN: 978-989-26-1696-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-1697-1_11
Queirós, C., Gonçalves, S.P. & Marques, A. (2014). Burnout: Da conceptualização à gestão em contexto laboral. In H.V. Neto., J. Areosa & P. Arezes (Eds). Manual sobre Riscos Psicossociais no trabalho (172-192). Porto: Civeri Publishing & RICOT.
Queirós, C., Oliveira, S., Fonseca, S.M., & Marques, A. (2020). Stress no trabalho e indicadores fisiológicos: um estudo com wearable sensors. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 21(1), 183-190.
Ramos, S., Costa, P., Passos, A. M., Silva, S. A., & Sacadura-Leite, E. (2020). Intervening on Burnout in Complex Organizations – The Incomplete Process of an Action Research in the Hospital. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02203
Rigutto, C., Sapara, A. O., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2021). Anxiety, Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Terrorist Attacks: A General Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences, 11(10), 140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11100140
Sampaio, M., Navarro Haro, M., Sousa, B., Melo, W., & Hoffman, H. (2021). Therapists Make the Switch to Telepsychology to Safely Continue Treating Their Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Virtual Reality Telepsychology May Be Next. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.576421
Schaufeli, W., Desart, S., & De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) - development, validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495
Selye, H. (1974). Stress without distress. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
Sheehan, O., Sheehan, M., Rau, R. I., Sullivan, I. O., McMahon, G., & Payne, A. (2022). Burnout on the frontline: the impact of COVID-19 on emergency department staff wellbeing. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 191(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02795-w
Shultz, J., Marcelin, L., Espinel, Z., Madanes, S., Allen, A., & Neria, Y. (2013). Haiti earthquake 2010: psychosocial impacts. In P. Bobrowsky (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards (419-424). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4.
Soravia, L. M., Schwab, S., Walther, S., & Müller, T. (2021). Rescuers at Risk: Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Police Officers, Fire Fighters, Ambulance Personnel, and Emergency and Psychiatric Nurses. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 602064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.602064
Sowden, J., Schonfeld, I., & Bianchi, R. (2022). Are Australian teachers burned-out or depressed? A confirmatory factor analytic study involving the Occupational Depression Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 157, 110783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110783
Tavella, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Parker, G. (2021). Burnout: Redefining its key symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 302, 114023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114023
Tehrani, N. (2022). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on police officers. The Police Journal, 95(1), 73–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X211039975
To, P., Eboreime, E., Agyapong, V. (2021). The Impact of Wildfires on Mental Health: A Scoping Review. Behavioral Sciences, 11(126). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11090126
Trumello, C., Bramanti, S. M., Ballarotto, G., Candelori, C., Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., Crudele, M., Lombardi, L., Pignataro, S., Viceconti, M. L., & Babore, A. (2020). Psychological Adjustment of Healthcare Workers in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences in Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction between Frontline and Non-Frontline Professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228358
Tsiourti, C., & Wac, K. (2014). Towards Smartphone-Based assessment of Burnout. Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services. In G. Memmi & U. Blanke (Eds.). Proceedings of the 5th International Conference: Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services - MobiCASE 2013 - Paris (France), 7-8 November (158-165). New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05452-0_12
Tusl, M., Brauchli, R., Kerksieck, P., & Bauer, G. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional online survey. BMC Public Health, 21(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10788-8
Vaz Serra, A (2002). O stress na vida de todos os dias. Coimbra: Gráfica de Coimbra, 2ª edição.
Weber, M., & Newhouse, D. (2021). These types of workers were most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. World Bank Blogs. In https://blogs.worldbank.org/jobs/these-types-workers-were-most-impacted-covid-19-pandemic.
WHO - World Health Organization (2019). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon” (28 May). In https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
WHO - World Health Organization (2020). Doing what matters in times of stress: an illustrated guide. Geneva: WHO.
WHO - World Health Organization (2021). Global strategy on digital health 2020-2025. Geneva: WHO.
WHO - World Health Organization (2022). Mental Health and COVID-19: Early evidence of the pandemic’s impact: Scientific brief, 2 March 2022. In https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022
Zhang, X., Wang, J., Hao, Y., Wu, K., Jiao, M., Liang, L., Gao, L., Ning, N., Kang, Z., Shan, L., He, W., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., & Yin, W. (2021). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Burnout of Frontline Healthcare Workers in Fighting Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 680614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680614
##submission.downloads##
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2023 Territorium
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Os autores conservam os direitos de autor e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite a partilha do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
